Basic concepts of analytical chemistry, sample collections, and preservations, expression of chemical analyses results, precision and accuracy of analyses, laboratory techniques, w a t e r and wastewater analyses in laboratory e.g. pH, hardness, alkalinity, acidity, solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, phosphorus, etc. Technic for general microbiological analysis, e.g. sterile techniques, microscopic observation, dye staining, determination of coliform bacteria, etc. Data interpretation and application of data to environmental engineering practice e.g. wastewater treatment system and neutralization